Perspectivas de la Educación Superior en Instituciones Españolas y Portuguesas sobre la Inteligencia Artificial: Un análisis de contenido
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21556/edutec.2025.92.3879Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Higher Education, University, Teaching-Learning, content analysisAbstract
In the past two years, artificial intelligence has made its way into the daily lives of citizens and, consequently, has also reached higher education institutions. It´s incorporation has raised doubts and expectations, prompting many universities to guide their communities by creating reference documents. In this context, the present research aims to analyse institutional documents on the use of artificial intelligence in universities. To this end, a systematic search was conducted in 91 Spanish institutions and 97 Portuguese institutions. From these 188 higher education institutions, a total of 19 documents were obtained and subjected to content analysis. The results indicate that one of the main opportunities offered by the use of artificial intelligence is the personalisation of learning. At the same time, one of the most significant challenges lies in the role that artificial intelligence will play in education, as it undoubtedly involves rethinking certain teaching-learning processes and taking into account certain ethical considerations.
Funding
Universitat Jaume I
FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology
Downloads
References
Basantes-Andrade, A., Cabezas-González, M., & Casillas-Martín, S. (2020). Nano-moocs as a training tool for digital competence. RISTI -Revista Iberica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informacao, 2020(E32), 202-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09456 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09456
Castañeda, L., Viñoles-Cosentino, V., Postigo-Fuentes, A. Y., Herrero, C., & Cachia, R. (2023). Strategic approaches to regional transformation of digital education. Publications Office of the European Union.
Chu, H., Tu, Y., & Yang, K. (2022). Roles and research trends of artificial intelligence in higher education: A systematic review of the top 50 most-cited articles. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 38(3), 22–42. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.7526
Cukurova, M., Kralj, L., Hertz, B. & Saltidou, E. (2024). Professional Development for Teachers in the Age of AI. European Schoolnet. http://www.eun.org/documents/411753/11183389/EUNA-Thematic-Seminar-Report-V5.pdf/b16bf795-b147-43ac-9f58-4dd1249b5e48
European Parliamentary Research Service (2020). The impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on artificial Intelligence. Panel for the Future of Science and Technology. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2020/641530/EPRS_STU(2020)641530_EN.pdf
European Commission (2022). Ethical guidelines on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and data in teaching and learning for educators. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/d81a0d54-5348-11ed-92ed-01aa75ed71a1/language-en
Fan, S., Yao, S., & Wu, D. (2024). The role of languages: Adopting the motivation-opportunity-ability (MOA) model to explore information sharing patterns among multilingual users in the Chinese cultural context. Library Hi Tech, ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-06-2023-0268 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-06-2023-0268
Gibbs, G. (2012). El análisis de datos cualitativos en investigación cualitativa. Morata.
Intel (n.d.). Technologies to Enable Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Higher Education. https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/education/highered/artificial-intelligence.html
Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. SAGE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071878781
Li, J., & Huang, J. S. (2020). Dimensions of artificial intelligence anxiety based on the integrated fear acquisition theory. Technology in Society, 63, 101410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101410 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101410
Michel-Villarreal, R., Vilalta-Perdomo, E., Salinas-Navarro, D. E., Thierry-Aguilera, R., & Gerardou, F. S. (2023). Challenges and opportunities of generative AI for higher education as explained by ChatGPT. Education Sciences, 13(9), 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13090856 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13090856
OECD (2023). AI and the Future of Skills, Volume 2: Methods for Evaluating AI Capabilities, Educational Research and Innovation. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/a9fe53cb-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/a9fe53cb-en
Oficina de Ciencia y Tecnología del Congreso de los Diputados (Oficina C). Informe C. Inteligencia artificial y educación. Oficina C. https://oficinac.es/es/informes-c/inteligencia-artificial-y-educacion
Robert, J. (2024). The Future of AI in Higher Education. Educause. https://www.educause.edu/ecar/research-publications/2024/2024-educause-ai-landscape-study/the-future-of-ai-in-higher-education
Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2022). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Pearson.
Saavedra, B. (2016). Inteligencia Estratégica en un mundo globalizado en Latinoamérica: Retos y desafíos en el siglo XXI. Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública, 5(2), 75-105. doi: https://doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v5i2.2326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v5i2.2326
Sánchez, M. J., Fernández, M., & Diaz, J. C. (2021). Técnicas e instrumentos de recolección de información: análisis y procesamiento realizado por el investigador cualitativo. Revista científica UISRAEL, 8(1), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.35290/rcui.v8n1.2021.400 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35290/rcui.v8n1.2021.400
Tubella, A. A, Mora-Cantallops, M., & Nieves, J. C. (2024). How to teach responsible AI in Higher Education: challenges and opportunities. Ethics and Information Technology, 26(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-023-09733-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-023-09733-7
UNESCO. (2019). BEIJING CONSENSUS on artificial intelligence and education. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000368303.locale=en
UNESCO. (2021). Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137.locale=en
UNESCO. (2022). Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137_spa
UNESCO. (2023). Harnessing the Era of Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Primer for Higher Education Stakeholders. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000386670
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. (n.d.). Guía básica sobre el uso de la Inteligencia Artificial para docentes y estudiante. https://www.uam.es/uam/media/doc/1606941290988/guia-visual-iagen.pdf
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. (2023). Recomendaciones para la docencia con inteligencias artificiales generativas. UC3M DIGITAL https://e-archivo.uc3m.es/rest/api/core/bitstreams/456229c0-3670-4198-b86d-ff2762a3e1f9/content
Universidad Complutense de Madrid. (2023). Informe y Recomendaciones sobre el Uso de IA Generativa. https://ssii.ucm.es/file/informe-general-ia-generativa-uc
Universidad de Burgos. (2024). Docencia con Inteligencia Artificial: Explora el potencial de la IA en el aula. https://www2.ubu.es/docenc_ia/
Universidad de Granada. (n.d.) Inteligencia Artificial en la universidad. https://ceprud.ugr.es/formacion-tic/inteligencia-artificial
Universidad de Málaga. (n.d.). CV: IA Generativa y docencia. https://campusvirtual.cv.uma.es/mod/page/view.php?id=18
Universidad de Murcia. (2023). Propuesta de directrices para tener en cuenta la inteligencia artificial, y los programas que la hacen accesible para uso general, en la actividad académica de la Facultad de Química. https://www.um.es/documents/14152/0/Directrices+IA+en+FQ.pdf/e0734bd3-aade-ecdf-677a-947483641af3?t=1685008185583%20
Universidad Europea de Madrid. (2023). Observatorio de Inteligencia Artificial en Educacion Superior. https://universidadeuropea.com/resources/media/documents/OIAES_-_Informe_1_-_IA_en_Educacion_Superior_22_septiembre_2023.pdf
Universidad Internacional de La Rioja. (2024). Declaración UNIR para un uso ético de la Inteligencia Artificial en Educación Superior. https://www.unir.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Declaracion-UNIR-para-un-uso-etico-de-la-IA-en-Educacion-Superior.pdf
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia. (2023). Uso educativo de la Inteligencia Artificial Generativa. https://www.uned.es/universidad/inicio/institucional/areas-direccion/vicerrectorados/innovacion/iaeducativa.html
Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (2023). Guía de uso de ChatGPT para potenciar el aprendizaje activo e interactivo en el aula universitaria. https://burjcdigital.urjc.es/bitstream/handle/10115/22149/Gu%c3%ada%20chatGPT-%20final.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
Universidade de Lisboa. (2023). Sobre a utilização de IA nos métodos de ensino e de avaliação de conhecimentos. https://conselhopedagogico.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/files/sites/32/ferramentas-de-ai-no-ensino-v8-1.pdf
Universitat de Barcelona (2023). La inteligencia artificial generativa en la docencia universitaria. Centre de Recerca Informació, Comunicació i Cultura. http://hdl.handle.net/2445/202932
Universitat de Vic. (2023) Decàleg per a una intel·ligència artificial (IA) segura en l’entorn d’aprenentatge universitari. https://recursosdocents.uvic.cat/images/f/fe/Dec%C3%A0leg_IA.pdf
Universitat Jaume I (2023). ChatGPT: què és, per a què serveix i quines conseqüències té per a la docencia. Centre d’Educació i Noves Tecnologies de la Universitat Jaume I https://cent.uji.es/pub/chatgpt/
Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. (2023). Inteligencia artificial en la docencia: una guía para aplicarla y prevenir malas prácticas. https://biblioteca.uoc.edu/es/actualidad/noticia/Inteligencia-artificial-en-la-docencia-una-guia-para-aplicarla-y-prevenir-malas-practicas/
Universitat Pompeu Fabra. (n.d.). Usos en la docència - Intel·ligència artificial: eines per a la docència i aprenentatge - Guies BibTIC at Universitat Pompeu Fabra. https://guiesbibtic.upf.edu/iag/docencia
Universitat Ramon Llull. (2023). La Universitat Ramon Llull proposa 10 recomanacions per al bon ús de les eines basades en la Intel·ligència Artificial | Universitat Ramon Llull. https://www.url.edu/ca/sala-de-premsa/noticies/institucional/2023/la-universitat-ramon-llull-proposa-10-recomanacions-al-bon-us-de-les-eines-basades-en-la-intelligencia-artificial
Universitat Rovira i Virgili. (2023). La URV presenta una col·lecció de guies sobre intel·ligència artificial i educació - Diari digital de la URV. https://diaridigital.urv.cat/guies-intelligencia-artificial-educacio/
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education–where are the educators?. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16 (1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Edutec, Revista Electrónica de Tecnología Educativa
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
By submitting the paper, the authors assign the publication rights to the journal Edutec. For its part, Edutec authorises its distribution as long as its content is not altered and its origin is indicated. At the end of each article published in Edutec, the citation procedure is indicated.
The management and editorial board of Edutec Revista Electrónica de Tecnología Educativa do not accept any responsibility for the statements and ideas expressed by the authors in their work.
Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
